J & J Air North Myrtle Beach Reviews
| J | |
|---|---|
| J j ȷ | |
| (See below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Blazon | Alphabetic |
| Linguistic communication of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage | [j] [dʒ]~[tʃ] [ten~h] [ʒ] [ɟ] [ʝ] [dz] [tɕ] [gʱ] [t]~[dʑ] [ʐ] [ʃ] [c̬] [i] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+004A, U+006A, U+0237 |
| Alphabetical position | ten |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | 1524 to present |
| Descendants | • Ɉ • Tittle • J |
| Sisters | І Ј י ي ܝ ی ࠉ 𐎊 ዪ Ⴢ ⴢ ჲ ☞ ☚ |
| Variations | (See below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | j(ten), ij |
J, or j, is the tenth alphabetic character in the modern English language alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its usual name in English is jay (pronounced ), with a now-uncommon variant jy .[1] [ii] When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the y sound, information technology may exist called yod or jod (pronounced or ).[iii]
History [edit]
Children's book from 1743, showing I and J considered equally the same letter
The letter J used to be used as the swash letter I, used for the letter I at the cease of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-three. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[iv] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the beginning to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino'southward epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[5] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; however, Romance languages adult new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to exist represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English language J, acquired from the French J, has a audio value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial audio in the English linguistic communication word "yet").
Pronunciation and utilize [edit]
| Most common pronunciation: /j/ Languages in italics do not utilise the Latin alphabet | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linguistic communication | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
| Afrikaans | /j/ | |||
| Albanian | /j/ | |||
| Arabic | Standard; almost dialects | /dʒ/ | Latinization | |
| Gulf | /j/ | Latinization | ||
| Sudanese, Omani, Yemeni | /ɟ/ | Latinization | ||
| Levantine, Maghrebi | /ʒ/ | Latinization | ||
| Azeri | /ʒ/ | |||
| Basque[6] | Bizkaian | /dʒ/ | ||
| Lapurdian | /j/ | also used in southwest Bizkaian | ||
| Low Navarrese | /ɟ/ | as well used in due south Lapurdian | ||
| High Navarrese | /ʃ/ | |||
| Gipuzkoan | /ten/ | also used in east Bizkaian | ||
| Zuberoan | /ʒ/ | |||
| Catalan | /ʒ/ or /dʒ/ | |||
| Czech | /j/ | |||
| Danish | /j/ | |||
| Dutch | /j/ | |||
| English | /dʒ/ | |||
| Esperanto | /j/ | |||
| Estonian | /j/ | |||
| Filipino | /dʒ/ | English loan words | ||
| /h/ | Spanish loan words | |||
| Finnish | /j/ | |||
| French | /ʒ/ | |||
| High german | /j/ | |||
| Greenlandic | /j/ | |||
| Hindi | /dʒ/ | |||
| Hokkien | /dz/~/dʑ/ | |||
| /z/~/ʑ/ | ||||
| Hungarian | /j/ | |||
| Icelandic | /j/ | |||
| Igbo | /dʒ/ | |||
| Indonesian | /dʒ/ | |||
| Japanese | /dʑ/~/ʑ/ | /ʑ/ and /dʑ/ distinct in some dialects, see Yotsugana | ||
| Kiowa | /t/ | |||
| Konkani | /ɟ/ | |||
| Korean | North | /ts/ | ||
| /dz/ | later vowels | |||
| Due south | /tɕ/ | |||
| /dʑ/ | after vowels | |||
| Kurdish | /ʒ/ | |||
| Luxembourgish | /j/ | |||
| /ʒ/ | Some loan words | |||
| Latvian | /j/ | |||
| Lithuanian | /j/ | |||
| Malay | /dʒ/ | |||
| Maltese | /j/ | |||
| Standard mandarin | Standard | /tɕ/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| /ʐ/ | Wade–Giles latinization | |||
| Manx | /dʒ/ | |||
| Norwegian | /j/ | |||
| Oromo | /dʒ/ | |||
| Pashto | /dz/ | |||
| Polish | /j/ | |||
| Portuguese | /ʒ/ | |||
| Romanian | /ʒ/ | |||
| Scots | /dʒ/ | |||
| Serbo-Croation | /j/ | |||
| Shona | /dʒ/ | |||
| Slovak | /j/ | |||
| Slovenian | /j/ | |||
| Somali | /dʒ/ | |||
| Spanish | Standard | /ten/ | ||
| Some dialects | /h/ | |||
| Swahili | /ɟ/ | |||
| Swedish | /j/ | |||
| Tamil | /dʑ/ | |||
| Tatar | /ʐ/ | |||
| Telugu | /dʒ/ | |||
| Turkish | /ʒ/ | |||
| Turkmen | /dʒ/ | |||
| Yoruba | /ɟ/ | |||
| Zulu | /dʒ/ | |||
English [edit]
In English, ⟨j⟩ most ordinarily represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Erstwhile English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[7] Nether the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (afterwards ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, afterward jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for case, hedgeastward).[seven] After, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later on ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. advertizingjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction betwixt ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was the Rex James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and an English grammar book published in 1633.[viii] In loan words such as bijou or Dijon, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is really closer to the native pronunciation, making the apply of /ʒ/ an case of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection.[9] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, equally in Hallelujah and fjord (come across Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative .
In English, ⟨j⟩ is the 4th least often used letter of the alphabet in words, being more frequent just than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, nevertheless, quite common in proper nouns, specially personal names.
Other languages [edit]
Germanic and Eastern-European languages [edit]
The groovy majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a bottom degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ besides represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower example letter was chosen to be used in the IPA every bit the phonetic symbol for the sound.
Romance languages [edit]
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally adult from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨due south⟩ in English language measure). In Valencian and Occitan it has the same sound than in English, /dʒ/. In Castilian, past contrast, information technology has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /ten/ or /h/,[10] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect.
Generally, ⟨j⟩ is not ordinarily present in modern standard Italian spelling. But proper nouns (such as Jesi and Letojanni), Latin words (Juventus), or those borrowed from strange languages take ⟨j⟩. The proper nouns and Latin words are pronounced as the palatal approximant /j/, while words borrowed from strange languages tend to follow that language'due south pronunciation of ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for terminal -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this dominion was quite strict in official writing. ⟨j⟩ is besides used to render /j/ in dialectal spelling, e.g. Romanesco dialect ⟨ajo⟩ [ajo] (garlic; cf. Italian aglio [aʎo]). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environs).[11]
Other European Languages [edit]
The Maltese language is a Semitic language, not a Romance linguistic communication; but has been securely influenced by them (especially Sicilian) and it uses ⟨j⟩ for the sound /j/ (cognate of the Semitic yod).
In Basque, the diaphoneme represented past ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last ane is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Not-European languages [edit]
Amidst non-European languages that take adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.
⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the Languages of Republic of india such every bit Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the Romanization of Japanese and Korean.
For Chinese languages, ⟨j⟩ stands for /t͡ɕ/ in Mandarin Chinese Pinyin organisation, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩ (/t͡ɕʰ/). In Wade–Giles, ⟨j⟩ stands for Standard mandarin Chinese /ʐ/. Pe̍h-ōe-jī of Hokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, ⟨j⟩ stands for /z/ and /ʑ/, or /d͡z/ and /d͡ʑ/, depending on accents. In Jyutping for Cantonese, ⟨j⟩ stands for /j/.
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not utilise the alphabetic character ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to correspond either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].
In Greenlandic and in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, ⟨j⟩ is used to transcribe /j/.
[edit]
- 𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the post-obit symbols originally derive
- I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
- ȷ : Dotless j
- ᶡ : Modifier letter pocket-size dotless j with stroke[12]
- ᶨ : Modifier letter small-scale j with crossed-tail[12]
- IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
- Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J:
- U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN Alphabetic character Small-scale CAPITAL J [13]
- U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER LETTER Capital J [13]
- U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL Letter J [fourteen]
- J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃
Calculating codes [edit]
| Preview | J | j | ȷ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Upper-case letter J | LATIN Pocket-sized LETTER J | LATIN Pocket-size LETTER DOTLESS J | |||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 74 | U+004A | 106 | U+006A | 567 | U+0237 |
| UTF-8 | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A | 200 183 | C8 B7 |
| Numeric character reference | J | J | j | j | ȷ | ȷ |
| Named character reference | ȷ | |||||
| EBCDIC family | 209 | D1 | 145 | 91 | ||
| ASCII i | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A | ||
- 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Unicode as well has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). Information technology is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode farther states that, for case i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[xv]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). Information technology is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, subsequently the German proper noun of the letter J.[16] [17] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[xviii] [19]
Wingdings smiley issue [edit]
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (this is distinct from the Unicode code bespeak U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature tin be switched off or inverse to a Unicode smiley.[twenty] [21]
Other uses [edit]
- In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
- In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
- Also in mathematics, j is one of the iii unit vectors.
- In the Metric organization, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
- In some areas of physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit of measurement (the foursquare root of −1) (in other fields the letter i is used, but this would be ambiguous as it is besides the symbol for current).
- A J tin exist a slang term for a joint (marijuana cigarette)
- In the United Kingdom under the old organization (earlier 2001), a licence plate that begins with "J" for example "J123 XYZ" would represent to a vehicle registered between August 1, 1991 and July 31, 1992. Once more under the old system, a licence plate that ends with "J" for example "ABC 123J" would correspond to a vehicle that was registered betwixt Baronial one, 1970 and July 31, 1971.[22]
Other representations [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ "J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)
- ^ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster'south Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993)
- ^ "yod". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ "Wörterbuchnetz". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
- ^ Trask, R. L. (Robert Lawrence), 1944-2004. (1997). The history of Basque. London: Routledge. ISBN0-415-13116-2. OCLC 34514667.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Hogg, Richard M.; Norman Francis Blake; Roger Lass; Suzanne Romaine; R. W. Burchfield; John Algeo (1992). The Cambridge History of the English Language. Cambridge Academy Press. p. 39. ISBN0-521-26476-6.
- ^ English Grammar, Charles Butler, 1633
- ^ Wells, John (1982). Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge, UN: Cambridge Academy Press. p. 108. ISBN0-521-29719-2.
- ^ Penny, Ralph John (2002). A History of the Spanish Language . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-01184-one.
- ^ Cipolla, Gaetano (2007). The Sounds of Sicilian: A Pronunciation Guide. Mineola, NY: Legas. pp. 11–12. ISBN9781881901518 . Retrieved 2013-03-31 .
- ^ a b Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add together boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ a b Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (2006-04-07). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
- ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)
- ^ Nick Nicholas, "Yot" Archived 2012-08-05 at archive.today
- ^ "Unicode Character 'GREEK Letter YOT' (U+03F3)". Retrieved 22 December 2016.
- ^ "Unicode: Greek and Coptic" (PDF) . Retrieved 2014-06-26 .
- ^ "Unicode 7.0.0". Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2014-06-26 .
- ^ Pirillo, Chris (26 June 2010). "J Smiley Outlook E-mail: Problem and Prepare!". Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 22 Dec 2016.
- ^ Chen, Raymond (23 May 2006). "That mysterious J". The Sometime New Thing. MSDN Blogs. Retrieved 2011-04-01 .
- ^ "Motorcar Registration Years | Suffix Number Plates | Platehunter". world wide web.platehunter.com . Retrieved 2018-12-20 .
External links [edit]
 | Wikimedia Eatables has media related to J. |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J
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